E-ISSN 2791-9439 | ISSN 1300-1868
 

Original Article 


COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE

Songül ÇINAROĞLU.

Abstract
Aim: One of the main difficulties about analyzing health expenditures is, the distribution of health expenditure is not normal and extremely positively skewed. This brings about overfitting problem and causes a decrease in regression model performance for predicting health expenditures. It is possible to use data mining based regression methods to improve classical regression model performances and overcome overfitting problem. Regression Tress, Random Forest Regression and Support Vector Regression are some of these methods. In this study it is aimed to compare prediction performances of different regression methods about predicting per capita health expenditures of member of total 214 World Bank countries. Materials and Methods: Before the analysis the distribution of health expenditure per capita normalized with using logarithmic and Box-Cox transformations. Multiple Linear Regression, Regression Tree, Random Forest Regression and Support Vector Machine Regression methods was used for prediction and R2, RMSE and MAE values are used for the assessment of prediction performances. Performance results are compared according to cross validation values determined by using different number of “k” parameters. Findings: Study findings show that prediction performance of Support Vector Regression is relatively higher compared with other regression methods when health expenditure per capita transformed by using Box-Cox transformation and when “k” parameter increases in cross validation. Results: Study results show that Support Vector Regression prediction performance is higher than other regression methods. It is advisable for future studies to examine Support Vector Regression performances using grid search methods which are one of hyperparameter optimization techniques.

Key words: Multiple Linear Regression; Regression Tree; Random Forest Regression; Support Vector Regression; Health Expenditure per capita . JEL Codes: C10, C88, H51.



SAĞLIK HARCAMASININ TAHMİNİNDE KLASİK REGRESYON YÖNTEMLERİ İLE VERİ MADENCİLİĞİ REGRESYON YÖNTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Ozet
Amaç: Sağlık harcamaları ile ilgili analizlerde karşılaşılan temel güçlüklerden birisi sağlık harcaması dağılımının normal dağılım özelliği göstermeyerek aşırı sağa çarpık olmasıdır. Bu durum sağlık harcamalarını incelemek amacıyla oluşturulan regresyon modellerinde doğrusallıktan ayrılmayı beraberinde getirmekte ve regresyon modelinin performansının düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Klasik regresyon modellerinin performans sonuçlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla veri madenciliği temeline dayanan regresyon yöntemlerinin kullanımı sayesinde aşırı uyum sorununun üstesinden gelinebilmektedir. Regresyon ağacı, Random Forest Regresyonu ve Destek Vektör Regresyonu bu yaklaşımlardan bazılarıdır. Bu çalışmada 2013 yılı itibariyle Dünya Bankası’na üye olan toplam 214 ülkeye ait veriler incelenerek kişi başı sağlık harcamasının tahmin edilmesine yönelik farklı regresyon yöntemi performans sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Analiz öncesinde sağlık harcaması değişkenine ait dağılım logaritmik ve Box-Cox dönüşümleri uygulanarak normalleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada sağlık harcamalarını tahmin etmek amacıyla Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon, Regresyon Ağacı, Random Forest Regresyon ve Destek Vektör Regresyonu yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Tahmin performanslarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla R2, RMSE ve MAE değerlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Performans sonuçları farklı sayılarda belirlenen “k” parametrelerinden elde edilen çapraz geçerlilik değerleri üzerinden karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular kişi başı sağlık harcaması değişkenine Box-Cox dönüşümü uygulandığında ve çapraz geçerlilikte “k” parametresi arttırıldığında Destek Vektör Regresyonu kullanılarak elde edilen performans sonuçlarının diğer regresyon yöntemlerine göre göreceli olarak daha iyi tahmin gücüne sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçları diğer regresyon yöntemlerine göre Destek Vektör Regresyonunun daha iyi performans sergilediğini göstermektedir. İlerleyen araştırmalar için grid arama metodlarının kullanıldığı hiperparametre optimizasyon yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak Destek Vektör Regresyonu performansının daha detaylı olarak incelenmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon; Regresyon Ağacı; Random Forest Regresyon; Destek Vektör Regresyonu; Kişi Başı Sağlık Harcaması. JEL Kodları: C10, C88, H51.


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Songül ÇINAROĞLU
on Google
on Google Scholar


REFERENCES
Ackerman, J., (2008), The Subprime Crisis and Its Consequences, Journal of Financial Stability, 4(4), 329-337.
Artus, P., (2015), The ECB And The Bank Of Japan Trapped By Their "Lie"?, Natixis, Economic Research, 2 Ocotober, 734, http://cib.natixis.com/flushdoc.aspx?id=87262 (Eriþim Tarihi: 03.05.2015).
BBC, (2009), Market Crisis 'will happen again', http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8244600.stm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 04.12.2009).
Bagehot, W., (1873), Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1 Ed.) Scribner, Armstong & Co., New York.
Bernanke, B.S., (2010), Monetary Policy and the Housing Bubble, Speech, At the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Atlanta, Georgia, January 3, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100103a.htm (Eriþim Tarihi: 13.08.2015).
Blundell-Wignall, A., (2007), An Overview of Hedge Funds and Structured Products: Issues in Leverage and Risk, Financial Market Trends, OECD, 92(1), 37-57.
Broz, J. Lawrence. The Origins of Central Banking: Solutions to the Free-Rider Problem, International Organization, Spring 1998, 52(2), 231-268.
Capie, F., Fischer, S., Goodhart, C. and Schnadt, N., (1994), The Future of Central Banking: The Tercentenary Symposium of The Bank of England, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Curdia V, ve Woodford, M., (2010), The Central-Bank Balance Sheet as an Instrument of Monetary Policy, NBER Working Paper Series, No.16208, July, 1-80.
Demir, F., A. Karabiyik, E.Ermiþoglu, A.Kuçuk, (2008), ABD Mortgage Krizi,[US Mortgage Crisis], Bankacilik Duzenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu, Çaliþma Tebligi, 3, Ankara.
ECB, (2014), Price Stability: Why Is It Important For You?, European Central Bank (ECB) Eurosystem, http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/whypricestability_en.pdf (Eriþim Tarihi: 15.08.2015).
ECB, (2015), ECB Announces Expanded Asset Purchase Programme, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2015/html/pr150122_1.en.html (Eriþim Tarihi: 23 Ocak).
ECB-SDW, (2015), http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=123.ILM.W.U2.C.T000.Z5.Z01&, (Eriþim Tarihi: 10 Eylul). Egilmez, M., (2012), FED'in Tahvil Alim Programi,[ FED's Bond Purchase Program]
http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2012/12/fedin-tahvil-alm-program.html, (Eriþim Tarihi: 12.09.2015).
FED, (2010), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20101103a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 10.08.2015).
FED, (2011), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20110921a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 11.07.2015).
FED, (2012a), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20121212a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 20. 07.2015).
FED, (2012b), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20120913a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 20.08.2015).
FED, (2013), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20130130a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 20.08.2015).
FED, (2014), Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20140917a.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 20.08.2015).
FED, (2015), http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/bst_recenttrends.htm, (Eriþim Tarihi: 10 Eylul). Federal Reserve Bank of New York, (2015), https://apps.newyorkfed.org/markets/autorates/fed%20funds, (Eriþim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz).
Friedman, M., (1971): Government Revenue From Inflation, Journal of Political Economy, 79(4), 846- 856.
Friedman, M., (1975), Unemployment versus Inflation? An Evolution of Phillips Curve, IEA, Lecture, No.2.
Insider Mortgage Finance, 2009, (2010), The MortgageMarket Statistical Annual, 1, Bedhesha: Insider Mortgage Finance Publishing.
IMF, (2015), World Economic Outlook Database, April, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/download.aspx, (Eriþim Tarihi: 20.08.2015).
Ýþcan, Ý.H., (2010) Finansal Liberalizasyon ve 2008 Kuresel Mali Kriz Ýliþkisi, Liberal Politikalarin Gelecegi [Relationship Between Financial Liberalization and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, Future of Liberal Policies], Politik Ýktisat ve Adam Smith içinde, (Editorler: Hakan Kapucu, Murat Aydin, Ýsmail Þiriner, Farhang Morady, Ümit Çetin), 449-476, Ýstanbul:Yon.
Riksbank, (2015), http://www.riksbank.se/en/The-Riksbank/History/Money-and-power-the-history-ofSveriges-Riksbank, (Eriþim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz).
Mishkin, F.S., (2001), Financial Policies and the Prevention of Financial Crises in Emerging Market Countries, NBER Working Paper, No: 8087, January.
Mishkin, F.S., (2007), Availability of credit to small businesses: testimony before the Committee on Small Business, U.S. House of Representatives, November 7, Speech 341, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/testimony/mishkin20071107a.htm. (Eriþim Tarihi: 15.07.2015).
Mishkin, F.S., (2014), Para Politikasi Stratejisi[Monetary Policy Strategy], Ankara:Efil. Péteri G.,(1992), Central Bank Diplomacy: Montagu Norman and Central Europe's Monetary Reconstruction after World War I, Contemporary European History, 1(3), 233-258.
Phillips, A.W., The Relationship between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wages in the United Kingdom 1861-1957, Economica, 25(100), 283–299.
Pollard, P., (2003), A Look Inside Two Central Banks: The European Central Bank and The Federal Reserve, The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January/February, 11-30. https://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/03/01/Pollard.pdf, (Eriþim Tarihi: 11.04.2015)
Rose, P. S. (1994), Money and Capital Markets: The Financial System in an Increasingly Global Economy, Irwin Series in Finance McGraw-Hill Series in Finance.
Selgin, G., (2010), Central Banks as Sources of Financial Instability, The Independent Review: a Journal of Political Economy, Spring, XIV(4), 485-496.
hwartz, A.J., (2009), Origins of the Finacial Market Crisis of 2008, Cato Journal, 29(1), 19-23.
Quinn, S. Ve Roberds, W., (2006), An Economic Explanation of the Early Bank of Amsterdam, Debasement, Bills of Exchange, and The Emergence of the First Central Bank, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper No. 2006-13.
TCMB, (2011), Dunden Bugune Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankasi[Today From Yesterday The Central Bank Of The Republic Of Turkey], Ankara: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankasi (TCMB) Yayinlari.
TCMB, (2012), Merkez Bankasi Bagimsizligi[Central Bank Independence], Ankara: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankasi (TCMB) Yayinlari.
TCMB, (2013), Enflasyon ve Fiyat Ýstikrari[Inflation and Price Stability], Ankara: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankasi (TCMB) Yayinlari.
Thornton, H., (1939), An Enquiry into the Paper Credit of Great Britain (1802), (Edited with an introduction by FA v Hayek), London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Togan, S. (2009). Kuresel Kriz ve Turkiye[Global Crisis and Turkey], TÝSK Akademi Dergisi, 4(2), 6- 25.
WSJ, (2015), Economists React to the Fed's October Interest Rate Decision: 'December Is in Play', http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2015/10/28/economists-react-to-the-feds-october-interestrate-decision-december-is-in-play/, (Eriþim Tarihi: 29 Ekim).
Yilmaz, B.E., (2013), Kuresel Krizin PIIGS (Portekiz, Ýrlanda, Ýtalya, Yunanistan ve Ýspanya) Ülkeleri ile Turkiye'nin Makroekonomik Degiþkenlerine Yansimalari[The Global Financial Crisis Reflections On PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece And Spain) Countries With Turkey's Macroeconomic Variables], Ankara: ASO Yayinlari.

How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2016; 27(101): 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947


Web Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. https://www.ekonomikyaklasim.org/?mno=223658 [Access: April 10, 2023]. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2016; 27(101): 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim. (2016), [cited April 10, 2023]; 27(101): 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



Harvard Style

Songul CINAROĞLU (2016) [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 27 (101), 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



Turabian Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. 2016. [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 27 (101), 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



Chicago Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. "[COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]." Ekonomik Yaklasim 27 (2016), 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Songul CINAROĞLU. "[COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]." Ekonomik Yaklasim 27.101 (2016), 185-218. Print.Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Songul CINAROĞLU (2016) [COMPARISON OF CLASSICAL REGRESSION METHODS WITH DATA MINING REGRESSION METHODS IN PREDICTION OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE]. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 27 (101), 185-218. Turkish. doi:10.5455/ey.35947





Most Viewed Articles
  • Ulusların Düşüşü - Güç, Zenginlik ve Yoksulluğun Kökenleri
    Why Nations Fail - The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty [Turkish]
    Gönül DİNÇER
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2014; 25(93): 65-76
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.35517

  • DOSTOYEVSKİ'NİN İKTİSADİ YAKLAŞIMI VE İKTİSADİ AKLIN ELEŞTİRİSİ
    Dostoevsky’s Approach to Economics and Critique of the Economic Man [Turkish]
    Ceyhun GÜRKAN, Mustafa ÖZİŞ
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2012; 23(82): 99-128
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.20004

  • BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ CARİ İŞLEMLER DENGESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: İKİZ AÇIKLAR HİPOTEZİNİN TÜRKİYE AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
    Effects of Budget Deficit on Current Account Balance: Analysis of Twin Deficits Hypothesis in Case of Turkey [Turkish]
    Metin BAYRAK; Ömer ESEN
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2012; 23(82): 23-49
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.20001

  • TÜRKİYE'DE KAMU SEKTÖRÜ BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ
    An Empirical Analysis on the Relationship between Public Sector Size and Economic Growth in Turkey [Turkish]
    Ömer Faruk ALTUNÇ, Celil AYDIN
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2012; 23(82): 79-98
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.20003

  • TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİ İÇİN NAIRU TAHMİNİ
    NAIRU Estimation for the Turkish Economy [Turkish]
    Özlem YİĞİT; Atilla GÖKÇE
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2012; 23(83): 69-91
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.34098

  • Most Downloaded
  • Küresel Dengesizlikler ve Kriz Tartışması Işığında Cari Denge ve Sermaye Hesabını Anlamak
    Understanding Developments in Current Accounts and Financial Flows in Light of Discussions on Global Imbalances and Recent Crises [Turkish]
    Hasan Cömert, Güney Düzçay
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2015; 26(96): 59-90
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.35901

  • TEKNOLOJi TRANSFERi VE GELiŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERiN REKABET GÜCÜ
    English Title Not Available [Turkish title: TEKNOLOJi TRANSFERi VE GELiŞMEKTE OLAN ÜLKELERiN REKABET GÜCÜ] [Turkish]
    Refik ÜREYEN, Metin DURGUT, Müfit AKYOS, Oğuz KARAKOÇ
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2003; 14(47 - Proceedings): 69-92
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.10379

  • Uluslararası Finansal Krizler
    English title is not available [Turkish title: Uluslararası Finansal Krizler] [Turkish]
    Veysel Çalışkan
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2003; 14(49 - Proceedings): 225-240
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.10403

  • XVII. YÜZYILDA OSMANLILAR VE MERKANTİLİSTLER
    English Title Not Available [Turkish Title:XVII. YÜZYILDA OSMANLILAR VE MERKANTİLİSTLER] [Turkish]
    Mehmet BULUT
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2000; 11(39): 23-35
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.10334

  • Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Tarihsel ve Güncel Bir Perspektif
    A Historical and Current Perspective on Sustainability [Turkish]
    Hüseyin Şen, Ayşe Kaya, Barış Alpaslan
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2018; 29(107): 1-47
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/ey.39101

  • Most Cited Articles
  • [Türkçe Başlık Yok]
    TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY [English]
    Jülide Yıldırım Öcal, Nadir Öcal
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2004; 15(52-53): 131-141
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.10503
    Cited : 17 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Tarihsel ve Güncel Bir Perspektif
    A Historical and Current Perspective on Sustainability [Turkish]
    Hüseyin Şen, Ayşe Kaya, Barış Alpaslan
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2018; 29(107): 1-47
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/ey.39101
    Cited : 11 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • TEŞVİKLERİN BÖLGESEL EKONOMİK BÜYÜME ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ
    The Impact of Investment Incentives on Regional Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis [Turkish]
    Nuri YAVAN
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2011; 22(81): 65-104
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.20018
    Cited : 9 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • Türkiye'de İklim Değişikliğinin Buğday Verimi Üzerine Etkileri: Bir Heterojen Panel Çalışması
    Impacts of Climate Change on Wheat Yield in Turkey: A Heterogeneous Panel Study [Turkish]
    Ozan Eruygur, Selin Özokcu
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2016; 27(101): 219-255
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.35944
    Cited : 9 times [Click to see citing articles]

  • İKİZ AÇIKLAR HİPOTEZİ (TÜRKİYE UYGULAMASI)
    English Title Not Available [Turkish Title:İKİZ AÇIKLAR HİPOTEZİ (TÜRKİYE UYGULAMASI)] [Turkish]
    Ahmet ZENGİN
    Ekonomik Yaklasim. 2000; 11(39): 37-67
    » Abstract & References » doi: 10.5455/ey.10335
    Cited : 8 times [Click to see citing articles]